Early data from first human study suggests radiation-antibody combination is safe

June 10, 2013 ? An experimental treatment that combines a cell-killing radioactive particle with an antibody that homes in on cancer cells is safe in the treatment of cancers spreading through patients' abdomens, according to data from a first-in-human study presented today at the Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging annual meeting in Vancouver.

The results are from an ongoing phase I clinical trial at the University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB) designed to measure the safety of the treatment as opposed to its effectiveness. When complete, the study will have treated 18 patients with a combination of the FDA-approved antibody-based cancer treatment Herceptin (trastuzumab) and the radioactive material lead-212. At the time of the presentation, eight of the 18 had received treatment, and fully analyzed data will be presented for three patients.

The Herceptin antibody attaches itself to the HER-2 protein, which occurs more often on cancer cell surfaces, to stop signals that encourage cancerous growth. In theory, radioactive material attached to the antibody should cut up DNA in HER-2-positive cancer cells, causing them to self-destruct.

"By killing cancer cell by cell, our approach promises to be useful against metastases that have spread along the lining of the abdomen," said Ruby Meredith, M.D., Ph.D., professor in the UAB Department of Radiation Oncology and a senior scientist in the UAB Comprehensive Cancer Center. "So far we have only preliminary data in a few patients. Should further studies prove this combination treatment to be safe and effective, however, it could be useful against the forty percent of HER-2 expressing ovarian and gastric cancers, while sparing normal tissues."

In this preliminary analysis, the study treatment neither built up in organs and nor destroyed the bone marrow's ability to make blood cells -- problems that limited the dose in past attempts to combine antibodies and radioisotopes. Given the safety demonstrated in the first group of patients, and in keeping with U.S. Food and Drug Administration guidelines, the plan is now to raise the dose in the next group of patients according to approved protocol.

A long search Alpha particle experiments go back to the 1960s, with several researchers, including Martin Brechbiel at the National Cancer Institute, combining alpha emitters with antibodies as early as the late 1980s.

Radioactive materials have unstable atomic structures that cause them to shed high-energy particles in a process called decay at fixed rates measured in half-lives, the time it takes for half of a quantity of material to become stable. Among the first decay processes discovered were alpha and beta decay, which emit different kinds of high-energy, subatomic building blocks.

With an average half-life of 6.7 days, beta emitters looked to be more useful at first. They remained radioactive long enough to be shipped and introduced into patients. They passed through thousand cells before coming to a halt, suggesting they could kill many cancer cells inside large tumors. On the downside, they came with sustained, off-target radiation exposure that dramatically limited their safe dose.

The field had long discussed using alpha emitters instead because they strike nearby cells with greater power, have shorter half-lives for less off-target exposure and penetrate just a few cells before coming to a halt. Unfortunately, the first alpha emitters identified had inappropriate half-lives and were tricky and expensive to produce.

Enter study sponsor AREVA Med, the company that built a system for consistent delivery of pure radium-224 that decays into lead-212 in the time it takes to ship it to any hospital in the world (about 36 hours). Lead-212 is not an alpha emitter, but decays into bismuth-212 which emits alpha particles and then becomes inert within an hour of being introduced to the body. According to the data so far, this spares bone marrow, organs and normal cells.AREVA Med asked UAB to undertake the current study because of Meredith's clinical trial expertise within the UAB cancer center.

The trial was open to all patients with HER-2 positive cancer, but seven out of the first eight patients happened to have ovarian cancer. All patients underwent extra rounds of imaging to ensure that the radioactivity stayed in the abdomen, close to where metastases occur around primary gastric and ovarian tumors. Researchers watched for signs of long-term toxicity for six months after treatment, but found none. Patients in the study had failed on previous therapies.

Along with Meredith, Sui Shen, Ronda Carlise, Patty Bunch, Souheil Saddekni, Daniel Yoder and Ronald Alvarez at UAB , as well as Julien Torgue and Eileen Banaga at AREVA Med, were study authors. The study was sponsored by AREVA Med and a grant from the National Institutes of Health to the UAB Center for Clinical and Translational Science (1UL1RR025777). Herceptin was provided for the trial by Genentech.

Source: http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/health_medicine/genes/~3/WonfLqo_2NU/130610223715.htm

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SK Hynix teases 4GB LPDDR3 RAM for high-end mobiles due end of this year

Samsung has already pressing ahead with its own high-density 20nm LPDDR3 modules, but SK Hynix reckons it can go one better. Instead of the stingy, piffling, retro 2GB stack offered by Sammy (pah!), the Korean memory specialist says it's sampling 20nm 8Gb (1GB) chips that can be stacked to provide 4GB of RAM in high-end mobile devices. This memory will come with all the trimmings and trappings of high-density LPDDR3, including a data transmission speed of 2,133Mbps (vs. 1,600Mbps offered by existing LPDDR3 phones like the GS4), a thinner profile and less power consumption in standby mode compared to LPDDR2. That just leaves the question of "when?," to which SK Hynix confusingly answers that we'll see products "noticeably loaded" with more than 2GB of LPDDR3 during the second half of this year, although it doesn't intend to start mass production of this exact chip until the end of the year. Of course, there'll come a point in 2014 when even mid-range processors like ARM's Cortex-A12 will theoretically be able to address more than 4GB, so that amount of RAM may not even seem so outlandish.

Filed under: Cellphones, Tablets, Mobile

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Source: http://feeds.engadget.com/~r/weblogsinc/engadget/~3/4451LqUhA58/

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Unfrozen mystery: H2O reveals a new secret

June 10, 2013 ? Using revolutionary new techniques, a team led by Carnegie's Malcolm Guthrie has made a striking discovery about how ice behaves under pressure, changing ideas that date back almost 50 years. Their findings could alter our understanding of how the water molecule responds to conditions found deep within planets and could have implications for energy science.

Their work is published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

When water freezes into ice, its molecules are bound together in a crystalline lattice held together by hydrogen bonds. Hydrogen bonds are highly versatile and, as a result, crystalline ice reveals a striking diversity of at least 16 different structures.

In all of these forms of ice, the simple H2O molecule is the universal building block. However, in 1964 it was predicted that, under sufficient pressure, the hydrogen bonds could strengthen to the point where they might actually break the water molecule apart. The possibility of directly observing a disassociated water molecule in ice has proven a fascinating lure for scientists and has driven extensive research for the last 50 years. In the mid-1990s several teams, including a Carnegie group, observed the transition using spectroscopic techniques. However, these techniques are indirect and could only reveal part of the picture.

A preferred method is to "see" the hydrogen atoms-or protons-directly. This can be done by bouncing neutrons off the ice and then carefully measuring how they are scattered. However, applying this technique at high enough pressures to see the water molecule dissociate had simply not been possible in the past. Guthrie explained that: "you can only reach these extreme pressures if your samples of ice are really small. But, unfortunately, this makes the hydrogen atoms very hard to see."

The Spallation Neutron Source was opened at Oak Ridge National Laboratory in Tennessee in 2006, providing a new and intensely bright supply of neutrons. By designing a new class of tools that were optimized to exploit this unrivalled flux of neutrons, Guthrie and his team-Carnegie's Russell Hemley, Reinhard Boehler, and Kuo Li, as well as Chris Tulk, Jamie Molaison, and Ant?nio dos Santos of Oak Ridge National Laboratory-have obtained the first glimpse of the hydrogen atoms themselves in ice at unprecedented pressures of over 500,000 times atmospheric pressure.

"The neutrons tell us a story that the other techniques could not," said Hemley, director of Carnegie's Geophysical Laboratory. "The results indicate that dissociation of water molecules follows two different mechanisms. Some of the molecules begin to dissociate at much lower pressures and via a different path than was predicted in the classic 1964 paper."

"Our data paint an altogether new picture of ice," Guthrie commented. "Not only do the results have broad consequences for understanding bonding in H2O, the observations may also support a previously proposed theory that the protons in ice in planetary interiors can be mobile even while the ice remains solid."

And this startling discovery may prove to be just the beginning of scientific discovery. Tulk emphasized "being able to 'see' hydrogen with neutrons isn't just important for studies of ice. This is a game-changing technical breakthrough. The applications could extend to systems that are critical to societal challenges, such as energy. For example, the technique can yield greater understanding of methane-containing clathrate hydrates and even hydrogen storage materials that could one day power automobiles."

The group is part of Energy Frontier Research in Extreme Environments (EFree), an Energy Frontier Research Center headquartered at Carnegie's Geophysical Laboratory.

Source: http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/most_popular/~3/8G68NgVhNYI/130610152133.htm

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Google's Inroads For Waze Could Roadblock Facebook And Apple

According to the Globes, an Israel-based publication, Google is reportedly set to acquire the Israeli transit and navigation company Waze for $1.3 billion, making it one of the larger Google acquisitions in recent memory. This news comes amid swirling rumors that Waze would be bought up by one of the big guys, Facebook, Google, or Apple.

Source: http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/Techcrunch/~3/yYDKV21N0QY/

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Health and Fitness Talk ? GAPS ? Bridging Diet and Psychology

by Francesca Orlando, Nutritional Therapy Practitioner

If you or a loved one has been diagnosed with an ASD, bi-polar disorder, a learning disability, or an autoimmune condition, or if you suffer from digestive distress, please know that there is hope for you yet.?Thousands of people have healed thanks to the GAPS protocol.

The GAPS protocol was created by Dr. Natasha Campbell-McBride. Dr. Natasha, as her patients call her, is a world-renowned Russian neurologist and neurosurgeon, practicing in the UK.?When her son was diagnosed with autism, Dr. Natasha decided to study intensively the condition, its causes and treatment option.?It was during her quest to heal her son, that Dr. Campbell-McBride developed her theories on the relationship between nutrition and neurological disorders. This led to her completing a second Postgraduate Degree in Human Nutrition at Sheffield University, UK.?After treating her son successfully with nutritional therapy, Dr. Natasha decided to specialize in a nutritional approach to autism, and she is now recognized as one of the world?s leading experts in treating people affected by learning disabilities, mental disorders, as well as digestive and immune disorders.

Her book Gut And Psychology Syndrome. Natural Treatment Of Autism, ADHD, Dyslexia, Dyspraxia, Depression And Schizophrenia was published in 2004. In her first book, Dr. Natasha explores the connection between the body and the brain, specifically the connection between the state of the gut and the rest of the body.

As, Hippocrates, the father of medicine put it ? ?All disease begins in the gut.??The book explains how an unhealthy gut and imbalanced gut flora lead to autoimmune disease, mood disorders, learning disabilities, and a myriad of other health issues.

According to the Center for Disease Control (CDC), ?about 1 in 88 children has been identified with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD). About 1 in 6 children in the U.S. had a developmental disability in 2006-2008, ranging from mild disabilities such as speech and language impairments to serious developmental disabilities, such as intellectual disabilities, cerebral palsy, and autism.? The CDC also states that 4 out of 100 children have a food allergy, and children with food allergies are more prone to develop asthma and other allergic conditions. To this scenario, we add the hundreds of thousands of children suffering from delayed food sensitivities and intolerances.

Never in the history of mankind, have our children had such a precarious state of health. Each generation is weaker than the one before. As a species, we are producing weaker children.

We believe that the weak link resides in our gut, and mainly in our gut flora. The human body carries around 4 to 6 pounds of bacteria. We have more organisms living within us than we have cells in our body. It is a specialized, organized eco system, and unfortunately when the health of our gut flora is compromised, so is ours.

Dr. Natasha Campell-McBride

Our gut flora is the right arm of our immunity; it synthesizes vitamins; it aids digestion and elimination; it detoxifies the body. Our beneficial gut flora also keeps pathogenic microorganisms in check; it is keep the intestinal tract clean; it fuels the cells of the colon; and much more.

A newborn?s gut is sterile. As the baby passes through the birth canal, he swallows his first mouthful of flora. Whatever resides in mom?s vaginal tract, will colonize the baby?s gut.?Dr. Natasha shows us how dysbiosis and candidiasis are passed on from generation to generation. She also shows how, with every generation, things get worse.

The main disruptors of gut flora are antibiotics, the pill and other medication, bottle-feeding, chlorinated water, stress, alcohol, pollutants, caffeine, diet. Also, unhealthy foods such as refined carbohydrates, sugar and other man-made concoctions ferment, feeding pathogenic microorganisms, leaving the healthy flora starved and unable to fight back.

This imbalance in gut flora also affects the enterocytes of the small intestine, making them weaker and weaker and causing the lining of the gut to become leaky. When we develop leaky gut undigested food particles are allowed through the gut lining into the bloodstream in inappropriate sizes. This further compromises the immune system and leaves the body malnourished.

Pathogenic microorganisms also produce toxins that flow from the gut into the bloodstream and get shuttled around the body. These toxins can settle in the muscle (the person may develop different forms of arthritis), the skin (skin conditions like eczema and psoriasis may develop), and the brain. When toxins reach the brain they can cause seizures, autistic behavior, migraine headaches, mental and mood disorders, learning disabilities, etc.

The goal of the GAPS protocol is to reestablish the optimal gut ecology, heal and seal the gut lining, and gently detoxify the body.?The protocol is composed of a diet, a supplemental regimen and a detoxification program.

The diet removes all processed foods; all foods that feed pathogenic microorganisms, as well as foods that cannot be broken down by damaged enterocytes. It is a nutrient dense, whole foods diet that provides the building blocks necessary to rebuild and repair the entire body from the cell up. It is based on healing foods like bone broths, fermented vegetables and dairy products, with plenty of vegetables, proteins and animal fats.

Everyone suffering from one a GAPS condition should take a therapeutic probiotic, and EPA and DHA from fish oil. The rest of supplemental regimen needs to be tailored on the individual taking into consideration biochemical make-up, condition and level of disfunction, nutritional deficiencies, digestive dysfunction, etc.

The detoxification part of program is targeted at reducing the toxic load. It does so on several front: elimination of toxins, support to the organs of detoxification, reduction of toxic exposure.

It takes time, planning and dedication to implement GAPS. The protocol is strict and it is labor intensive. But the results are short of amazing. As a Certified GAPS Practitioner I have seen so many clients heal and regain their life back. I have seen children and families blessed with a second chance. If you or a loved one is suffering from ASD, bi-polar disorder, a learning disability, or an autoimmune condition, please get a copy of Gut And Psychology Syndrome and visit www.gaps.me.

If you would like to schedule a GAPS consultation you can reach me at Francesca@healthfullivingsd.com

Francesca Orlando is a Nutritional Therapy Practitioner in private practice in San Diego, CA. She is a certified GAPS practitioner and a Lead Instructor for the Nutritional Therapy Association Inc.?Her expertise in traditional diets comes from a family background in biodynamic farming, wine making and the Slow Food movement. She is a follower of the works of Dr. Westin A. Price and Dr. Francis M. Pottenger, Jr. and believes that food is medicine and that through proper nutrition the deleterious effects of the standard American diet can be reversed. You can reach her with questions or comments at francesca@healthfulliving.com, or visit her Website, www.healthfullivingsd.com.

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Source: http://www.healthandfitnesstalk.com/gaps-bridging-diet-and-psychology/

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Honeymoon Prank Leaves Newlyweds With Bright Pink House (PHOTO)

After a relaxing honeymoon, a pair of English newlyweds returned home on Sunday and discovered a shocking surprise: their house had been painted pink!

The BBC tweeted this photo Tuesday of Steve and Hayley O'Rourke's home, which Steve's brother, Russell, painted in the style of Mr. Blobby, a pink polka-dotted character from the 1990's British TV show "Noel's House Party."

The BBC reported that Russell painted the house as revenge: while Russell was on his honeymoon six years ago, Steve, a builder, built a brick wall in the middle of Russell's driveway.

Pranking honeymooning newlyweds isn't as uncommon as you might think. One couple's friends filled their house with balloons while they were away in 2011!

If you're thinking of pranking your newlywed friends, check out these tips.

Click through the slideshow below to see HuffPost readers' worst wedding disasters.

Keep in touch! Check out HuffPost Weddings on Facebook, Twitter and Pinterest.

Earlier on HuffPost:

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Source: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/05/21/honeymoon-prank_n_3315025.html

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New method for producing clean hydrogen

Public release date: 21-May-2013
[ | E-mail | Share ]

Contact: Richard Merritt
richard.merritt@duke.edu
919-660-8414
Duke University

DURHAM, N.C. -- Duke University engineers have developed a novel method for producing clean hydrogen, which could prove essential to weaning society off of fossil fuels and their environmental implications.

While hydrogen is ubiquitous in the environment, producing and collecting molecular hydrogen for transportation and industrial uses is expensive and complicated. Just as importantly, a byproduct of most current methods of producing hydrogen is carbon monoxide, which is toxic to humans and animals.

The Duke engineers, using a new catalytic approach, have shown in the laboratory that they can reduce carbon monoxide levels to nearly zero in the presence of hydrogen and the harmless byproducts of carbon dioxide and water. They also demonstrated that they could produce hydrogen by reforming fuel at much lower temperatures than conventional methods, which makes it a more practical option.

Catalysts are agents added to promote chemical reactions. In this case, the catalysts were nanoparticle combinations of gold and iron oxide (rust), but not in the traditional sense. Current methods depend on gold nanoparticles' ability to drive the process as the sole catalyst, while the Duke researchers made both the iron oxide and the gold the focus of the catalytic process.

The study appears online in the Journal of Catalysis, viewable at http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0021951712004204.

"Our ultimate goal is to be able to produce hydrogen for use in fuel cells," said Titilayo "Titi" Shodiya, a graduate student working in the laboratory of senior researcher Nico Hotz, assistant professor of mechanical engineering and materials science at Duke's Pratt School of Engineering. "Everyone is interested in sustainable and non-polluting ways of producing useful energy without fossil fuels," said Shodiya, the paper's first author.

Fuel cells produce electricity through chemical reactions, most commonly involving hydrogen. Also, many industrial processes require hydrogen as a chemical reagent and vehicles are beginning to use hydrogen as a primary fuel source.

"We were able through our system to consistently produce hydrogen with less than 0.002 percent (20 parts per million) of carbon monoxide," Shodiya said.

The Duke researchers achieved these levels by switching the recipe for the nanoparticles used as catalysts for the reactions to oxidize carbon monoxide in hydrogen-rich gases. Traditional methods of cleaning hydrogen, which are not nearly as efficient as this new approach, also involve gold-iron oxide nanoparticles as the catalyst, the researchers said.

"It had been assumed that the iron oxide nanoparticles were only 'scaffolds' holding the gold nanoparticles together, and that the gold was responsible for the chemical reactions," Sodiya said. "However, we found that increasing the surface area of the iron oxide dramatically increased the catalytic activity of the gold."

One of the newest approaches to producing renewable energy is the use of biomass-derived alcohol-based sources, such as methanol. When methanol is treated with steam, or reformed, it creates a hydrogen-rich mixture that can be used in fuel cells.

"The main problem with this approach is that it also produces carbon monoxide, which is not only toxic to life, but also quickly damages the catalyst on fuel cell membranes that are crucial to the functioning of a fuel cell," Hotz said. "It doesn't take much carbon monoxide to ruin these membranes."

The researchers ran the reaction for more than 200 hours and found no reduction in the ability of the catalyst to reduce the amount of carbon monoxide in the hydrogen gas.

"The mechanism for this is not exactly understood yet. However, while current thinking is that the size of the gold particles is key, we believe the emphasis of further research should focus on iron oxide's role in the process," Shodiya said.

###

The Duke team's research was supported by the California Energy Commission and the Oak Ridge Associated Universities. Duke postdoctoral associates Oliver Schmidt and Wen Peng were also part of the research team.

Citation: "Novel nano-scale Au/alpha-Fe2O3 catalyst for the preferential oxidation of CO in biofuel reformate gas," Titilayo Shodiya, et. al, Journal of Catalysis, DOI 10.1016/j.cat.2012.12.027

---

[ | E-mail | Share ]

?

AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.

Public release date: 21-May-2013
[ | E-mail | Share ]

Contact: Richard Merritt
richard.merritt@duke.edu
919-660-8414
Duke University

DURHAM, N.C. -- Duke University engineers have developed a novel method for producing clean hydrogen, which could prove essential to weaning society off of fossil fuels and their environmental implications.

While hydrogen is ubiquitous in the environment, producing and collecting molecular hydrogen for transportation and industrial uses is expensive and complicated. Just as importantly, a byproduct of most current methods of producing hydrogen is carbon monoxide, which is toxic to humans and animals.

The Duke engineers, using a new catalytic approach, have shown in the laboratory that they can reduce carbon monoxide levels to nearly zero in the presence of hydrogen and the harmless byproducts of carbon dioxide and water. They also demonstrated that they could produce hydrogen by reforming fuel at much lower temperatures than conventional methods, which makes it a more practical option.

Catalysts are agents added to promote chemical reactions. In this case, the catalysts were nanoparticle combinations of gold and iron oxide (rust), but not in the traditional sense. Current methods depend on gold nanoparticles' ability to drive the process as the sole catalyst, while the Duke researchers made both the iron oxide and the gold the focus of the catalytic process.

The study appears online in the Journal of Catalysis, viewable at http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0021951712004204.

"Our ultimate goal is to be able to produce hydrogen for use in fuel cells," said Titilayo "Titi" Shodiya, a graduate student working in the laboratory of senior researcher Nico Hotz, assistant professor of mechanical engineering and materials science at Duke's Pratt School of Engineering. "Everyone is interested in sustainable and non-polluting ways of producing useful energy without fossil fuels," said Shodiya, the paper's first author.

Fuel cells produce electricity through chemical reactions, most commonly involving hydrogen. Also, many industrial processes require hydrogen as a chemical reagent and vehicles are beginning to use hydrogen as a primary fuel source.

"We were able through our system to consistently produce hydrogen with less than 0.002 percent (20 parts per million) of carbon monoxide," Shodiya said.

The Duke researchers achieved these levels by switching the recipe for the nanoparticles used as catalysts for the reactions to oxidize carbon monoxide in hydrogen-rich gases. Traditional methods of cleaning hydrogen, which are not nearly as efficient as this new approach, also involve gold-iron oxide nanoparticles as the catalyst, the researchers said.

"It had been assumed that the iron oxide nanoparticles were only 'scaffolds' holding the gold nanoparticles together, and that the gold was responsible for the chemical reactions," Sodiya said. "However, we found that increasing the surface area of the iron oxide dramatically increased the catalytic activity of the gold."

One of the newest approaches to producing renewable energy is the use of biomass-derived alcohol-based sources, such as methanol. When methanol is treated with steam, or reformed, it creates a hydrogen-rich mixture that can be used in fuel cells.

"The main problem with this approach is that it also produces carbon monoxide, which is not only toxic to life, but also quickly damages the catalyst on fuel cell membranes that are crucial to the functioning of a fuel cell," Hotz said. "It doesn't take much carbon monoxide to ruin these membranes."

The researchers ran the reaction for more than 200 hours and found no reduction in the ability of the catalyst to reduce the amount of carbon monoxide in the hydrogen gas.

"The mechanism for this is not exactly understood yet. However, while current thinking is that the size of the gold particles is key, we believe the emphasis of further research should focus on iron oxide's role in the process," Shodiya said.

###

The Duke team's research was supported by the California Energy Commission and the Oak Ridge Associated Universities. Duke postdoctoral associates Oliver Schmidt and Wen Peng were also part of the research team.

Citation: "Novel nano-scale Au/alpha-Fe2O3 catalyst for the preferential oxidation of CO in biofuel reformate gas," Titilayo Shodiya, et. al, Journal of Catalysis, DOI 10.1016/j.cat.2012.12.027

---

[ | E-mail | Share ]

?

AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.

Source: http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2013-05/du-nmf052113.php

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